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Hel Fortified Area : ウィキペディア英語版 | Hel Fortified Area
The Hel Fortified Area ((ポーランド語:Rejon Umocniony Hel)) was a set of Polish fortifications, constructed on the Hel Peninsula in northern Poland, in close proximity to the interwar border of Poland and the Third Reich. It was created in 1936, upon a decree of President Ignacy Moscicki.〔(Polityka weekly, Cel: Hel, article by Ryszarda Socha, published March 15, 2007 )〕 It covered most part of the peninsula, and during Polish September Campaign, it was the last place of Poland to surrender to the invading Wehrmacht〔(Poland By Neal Bedford, Steve Fallon, Neil Wilson, page 433 ) “Hel was the last place of Poland to surrender”〕 (for more information, see Battle of Hel). During World War II, the naval base in Hel was used as a major training facility for U-boat crews.〔(Naval strategy and operations in narrow seas by Milan N. Vego, page 62 ) “...where in the area of the Hel Peninsula and Libau were concentrated 50-60 per cent of all German U-boat training facilities〕 == History ==
After Poland regained independence in the fall of 1918 (see: Partitions of Poland), and the symbolic wedding ceremony with the Baltic Sea by units of the Polish Army under General Józef Haller de Hallenburg (Puck, February 10, 1920), Polish military authorities began preparations of a fortified army garrison along the coast. As early as July 22, 1920 General Kazimierz Sosnkowski ordered construction of a strategic rail line which ran from Puck, through Wladyslawowo, to Hel. The line was completed in 1921, together with telegraph connection, by the logistics units of the Polish Army.〔(Hel online, History of Hel )〕 Furthermore, a road, which ran along the line, was constructed. In 1931, Polish Army began the construction of the naval base in Hel. At the same time, the tip of the peninsula, from Jurata to Hel, was placed under military administration. Construction of new houses and tourist facilities was forbidden, movement of civilians was strictly limited. These regulations were strengthened by the decree of President Ignacy Moscicki, signed on August 21, 1936, which officially created the Hel Fortified Area. Soon afterwards, large-scale works began. A network of rail connections, mostly narrow-gauge, was built, together with concrete-strengthened artillery positions. Armaments and various kinds of military equipment were brought. Also, the Army started modernization of the naval base at Hel. The base, designed by Wlodzimierz Szawernowski, had been built in 1931, by a Polish-French Enterprise in a location known as Stary Hel (Old Hel). An underground power plant was placed some 1.5 kilometers north of the port, also in adjacent forests, shelters for ammunition, mines and torpedoes were built. Furthermore, underground petroleum storage reservoir was constructed, with a pipeline to the port. Even though the Hel Fortified Area was not officially created until 1936, Polish Army had been purchasing equipment for it earlier. In July 1935, four Swedish-made Bofors guns (152 mm) were bought and brought to Gdynia aboard transport ship ORP Wilia. Transported to Hel by train, the guns were mounted in October 1935.〔(Polish Army 1918-1939. 31 bateria artylerii nabrzeżnej im. Heliodora Laskowskiego )〕
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